His description of the wet-nurse and the age of her own child implies that she should also breastfeed her own baby. There is no mention of an alternative feeding regimen such as animal-derived milk. During the past few decades, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology as well as many other organizations have developed recommendations and educational services in support of breastfeeding. Furthermore, he also emphasized the importance of music during breastfeeding for the proper development of the mind.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Catalogue: Medical Encyclopedias. The Canon of Medicine Updated 23 February Al-Rahman al Naqib A. Avicenna ? Dar al-Thaqafah lil-Tibaah wa-al-Nashr: Egypt, The Canon of Medicine— Last modified: 27 March , BL.
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Avicenna Ibn Sina. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Smith RD. Avicenna and the Canon of Medicine: a millennial tribute. West J Med ; : — Sarton G. Avicenna—physician, scientist and philosopher. Bull NY Acad Med ; 31 : — CAS Google Scholar. Levi R. Namazi MR. Images in psychiatry. Avicenna, — Am J Psychiatry ; : Dunn PT. Avicenna AD — and Arabic perinatal medicine. Article Google Scholar. Osler W. The Evolution of Modern Science. Ahmed M.
Ibn Sina Avicenna —doctor of doctors. This article originally appeared in Muslim Technologist, November Darmani NA. Avicenna: the prince of physicians and a giant in pharmacology. JIMA ; 26 : 78— Urguhart J. How Islam changed medicine. BMJ ; : American Academy of Pediatrics, work group on Breastfeeding. Writings on anatomy in the Canon are scattered throughout the text in sections regarding to illnesses related to certain body parts.
The Canon included numerous discussions on anatomy and diagrams on certain body parts, including the first diagrams of the cranial sutures. Avicenna dedicated a chapter of the Canon to blood pressure.
He was able to discover the causes of bleeding and heamorrhage, and discovered that heamorrhage could be induced by high blood pressure because of higher levels of cholesterol in the blood. This led him to investigate methods of controlling blood pressure. Avicenna discovered the cerebellar vermis —which he named "vermis"—and the caudate nucleus , which he named "tailed nucleus" or "nucleus caudatus". These terms are still used in modern neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. He was also the earliest to note that intellectual dysfunctions were largely due to deficits in the brain 's middle ventricle , and that the frontal lobe of the brain mediated common sense and reasoning.
Avicenna's contributions to ophthalmology in medieval Islam include his descriptions and explanations on the physiology of eye movements , which still forms a basis of information for modern ophthalmology. He also provided useful information on the optic nerves , iris , and central and peripheral facial paralyses. Another contribution Avicenna made to ophthalmology was his suggestion that "the optic nerves did cross.
Avicenna was a pioneer in pulsology and sphygmology. In ancient times, Galen as well as Chinese physicians erroneously believed that there was a unique type of pulse for every organ of the body and for every disease. The first correct explanation of pulsation was given by Avicenna, after he refined Galen's theory of the pulse and discovered the following in The Canon of Medicine : [29].
Thus, expansion : pause : contraction : pause. Avicenna also pioneered the modern approach of examining the pulse through the examination of the wrist , which is still practiced in modern times. The Latin translation of his Canon also laid the foundations for the later invention of the sphygmograph. Avicenna also wrote a treatise on diagnosing diseases using only the methods of feeling the pulse and observing inhalation.
He was often capable of finding the symptoms of certain diseases only by feeling a patient's pulse. In etiology and pathology , Avicenna discovered the contagious nature of infectious diseases such as phthisis and tuberculosis , the distribution of disease by water and soil , and the existence of sexually transmitted disease. Avicenna also distinguished between mediastinitis and pleurisy , provided careful descriptions of skin troubles, perversions , and nervous ailments.
He also described the first known treatments for cancer. Since the Canon , Bimaristan hospitals were created with separate wards for specific illnesses , so that people with contagious diseases could be kept away from other patients who do not have any contagious diseases. The Canon stated that bodily secretions are contaminated by "foul foreign earthly bodies" before a person becomes infected, but he did not view these bodies as primary causes of disease.
In cancer therapy , Avicenna recognized cancer as a tumor. He noted that a "cancerous tumour progressively increases in size, is destructive and spreads roots which insinuate themselves amongst the tissue elements. One method he discovered was the "Hindiba", a herbal compound drug which Ibn al-Baitar later identified as having "anticancer" properties and which could also treat other tumors and neoplastic disorders. Another method for treating cancer first described by Avicenna was a surgical treatment.
He stated that the excision should be radical and that all diseased tissue should be removed, which included the use of amputation or the removal of veins running in the direction of the tumor. He also recommended the use of cauterization for the area being treated if necessary. Avicenna's advances in hepatology include his introduction of new methods of hepatitis treatment. The Canon introduced quarantine as a means of limiting the spread of contagious diseases.
In Islamic psychology and neurosciences , Ibn Sina noted the close relationship between emotions and the physical condition and felt that music had a definite physical and psychological effect on patients. In clinical psychology and psychotherapy , Avicenna often used psychological methods to treat his patients.
Lavender inhibited some inflammatory processes, such as lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory reaction Koulivand et al. Several strategies have been used for development of new drugs.
One of these strategies is the use, development and improvement of existing medicines, like natural healing substances, which have been used long to treat the illnesses in traditional medicine. Although some of anti-inflammatory and analgesic substances advised by Avicenna in the Canon are used by modern medicine, the exact mechanism of their action as well as biochemical and pharmacological values needs more investigations.
Several other drugs are still unexamined, which have the potential for further investigations and discovery of new drugs against inflammatory diseases and pain. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Journal List Avicenna J Phytomed v. Avicenna J Phytomed. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Copyright notice. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Naturally occurring substances mentioned in medieval medical literatures currently have, and will continue to have, a crucial place in drug discovery.
The fifth book contains numerous compound receipts. Table Anti-inflammatory and analgesic substances used in medieval Persia by Avicenna and noted in The Canon. Open in a separate window. Conflict of interest The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data.
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Ibn Sina was an 11th century Persian philosopher, physician, pharmacologist, scientist and poet, who exerted a profound impact on philosophy and medicine in Europe and the Islamic world.
He was known to the Latin West as Avicenna. For example, his use of scientific principles to test the safety and effectiveness of medications forms the basis of contemporary pharmacology and clinical trials. Avicenna has been in the news recently due to his work on contagions. He produced an early version of the germ theory of disease in the Canon where he also advocated quarantine to control the transmission of contagious diseases.
Uniquely, Avicenna is the rare philosopher who became as influential on a foreign philosophical culture as his own. He is regarded by some as the greatest medieval thinker.
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