In addition, the conclusion provides a future perspective on the limitations of the shipbuilding industry. At the time of her construction, she was the largest moving object ever built. With a weight of more than 46, tons, a length of nearly feet, and a height of more than 25 stories, she was the largest of three sister ships owned by the White Star Line [Division, ].
The Titanic was also equipped with the ultimate in turn-of-the-century design and technology, including sixteen major watertight compartments in her lower section that could easily be sealed off in the event of a punctured hull.
Because of her many safety features and a comment by her designer that she was nearly unsinkable, the Titanic was immediately deemed an unsinkable ship [Gannon, ]. On April 10, , the Titanic commenced her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York, with passengers and crew aboard [Division, ]. The passengers included some of the wealthiest and most prestigious people at that time. Captain Edward John Smith, one of the most experienced shipmasters on the Atlantic, was navigating the Titanic [Rogers and others, ].
On the night of April 14, although the wireless operators had received several ice warnings from others ships in the area, the Titanic continued to rush through the darkness at nearly full steam.
A time line of the events that followed is shown in Table 1. At p. Immediately, the engines were thrown into reverse and the rudder turned hard left. Because of the tremendous mass of the ship, slowing and turning took an incredible distance, more than that available. At , without enough distance to alter her course, the Titanic sideswiped the iceberg, damaging nearly feet of the right side of the hull above and below the waterline [Gannon, ]. Table 1. Timeline of the Sinking of the Titanic [Gannon, ].
Midnight Watertight compartments are filling; water begins to spill over the tops of the transverse bulkheads. The bow pitches; water floods through anchor-chain holes. The damage caused by the collision allowed water to flood six of the sixteen major watertight compartments. As water rushed into the starboard side of the ship's bow, the ship began to tilt down in front and slightly to the right. By midnight, water in the damaged compartments began to spill over into others because the compartments were watertight only horizontally and the walls extended only a few feet above waterline.
By a. Around , as the bow continued submerging, the propellers in the stern were lifted out of the water. Flooding progressed until, at about , the bow of the ship was under water and the stern was lifted out of the water almost 45 degrees. Because of the tremendous weight of the three large propellers in the stern of the ship, the stresses in the ship's midsection increased immensely as the stern was lifted out of the water.
At an angle of 45 degrees or more, the stresses in the midsection exceeded the ultimate stresses of the steel and the steel failed [Garzke and others, ]. Stresses at failure were estimated at nearly 15 tons per square inch [Gannon, ].
What survivors of the disaster then described was a loud noise that sounded like breaking china or falling equipment [Hill, ]. This noise can be attributed to the tearing and disintegration of the Titanic's upper structure. By , with the bow and stern attached by only the inner bottom structure, the stern angled high out of the water.
The bow, dangling beneath, continued to fill with water. At , when the bow reached a weight of about 16, tons, it ripped loose from the stern. Free from the weight of the bow, the stern rose again sharply to an almost vertical position. Slowly filling with water, the stern began to sink into the water.
At , the stern slid beneath the surface. Meanwhile, the bow had been coasting down at about 13 miles per hour mph. At , the bow struck the bottom of the ocean. Falling nearly vertical at about 4 mph, the stern crashed into the ocean floor 27 minutes later. The two pieces of the Titanic lie 2, feet apart, pointing in opposite directions beneath 12, feet of water.
The bow section remains mostly intact, although the damaged portion of the hull is covered with a foot high wall of silt and mud that plowed up when the Titanic hit bottom, so the point of fracture can not be seen.
The stern section is a tangled wreck, as implosions occurred during the descent due to air trapped within the structure succumbing to the increased water pressure at greater depths. Between the two sections is a wide field of debris [Hill, ]. For 73 years, the Titanic remained undisturbed on the ocean floor. On September 1, , oceanographer Bob Ballard and his crew discovered the wreck of the Titanic about miles southeast of Newfoundland, Canada [Gannon, ].
Since then, four more expeditions have visited the Titanic. In , the first purely scientific team visited the site. The dive was called the Imax dive because the purpose was to create a film for Imax theaters. The Soviet submersibles used in the dive were capable of staying submerged for twenty hours and were equipped with , lumen lamps. With this equipment, scientists were able to take pictures of the Titanic wreck and eventually uncover new evidence into the cause of the Titanic disaster.
Causes of the Rapid Sinking On an expedition in to the Titanic wreck, scientists discovered a chunk of metal lying on the ocean floor that once was a part of the Titanic's hull. The Frisbee sized piece of steel was an inch thick with three rivet holes, each 1. Since the retrieval of this piece of steel, extensive research has been done to uncover additional clues to the cause of the rapid sinking of the Titanic.
The following is a discussion of the material failures and design flaws that contributed to the disaster. Material Failures When the Titanic collided with the iceberg, the hull steel and the wrought iron rivets failed because of brittle fracture.
A type of catastrophic failure in structural materials, brittle fracture occurs without prior plastic deformation and at extremely high speeds. The causes of brittle fracture include low temperature, high impact loading, and high sulphur content.
On the night of the Titanic disaster, each of these three factors was present: The water temperature was below freezing, the Titanic was travelling at a high speed on impact with the iceberg, and the hull steel contained high levels of sulphur.
In order to contain water within the damaged compartments, it was imperative that the walls of the watertight compartments positioned across the width of the ship be a few feet taller. Although this is not the reason why the Titanic sank, without this design flow it would have slowed down the sinking process, possibly allowing enough time for nearby ships to help. The collision with the iceberg damaged the hull portion of six of these sixteen compartments, and the compartments were immediately sealed.
But as the water filled these compartments, the ship began to pitch forward from the weight of the water in this area of the ship and the compartments began to spill over into adjacent compartments, due to the horizontal watertight nature. The bow compartments were extensively flooded, and subsequently, the entire ship was flooded, causing the Titanic to be rapidly pulled below the waterline.
The watertight compartments, rather than countering the damage done by the collision with the iceberg, contributed towards accelerating the disaster by keeping the flood waters in the bow of the ship. Without the compartments, the Titanic would have remained horizontal as the incoming water would have spread out.
Eventually, even in this case, the ship would have sunk, but she would have remained afloat for a few more hours before capsizing [1]. The Titanic disaster serves as a perfect example of how engineering flaws can have catastrophic effects.
If the ship had double bottoms, constructed by taking two layers of steel that span the length of the ship and separating them by five feet of space, extending up the sides of the hull, the bottom plate of the hull would have been punctured without damage incurred to the top plate. With a double bottom, the chance that a punctured hull would allow water into the watertight compartments is minimized.
By extending the double bottoms up the sides of the hull, the watertight compartments could remain undamaged. The addition of a layer of steel to the sides of the ship ensures that in the event of an iceberg or a collision with another ship, only the space between the inner and outer sidewalls would flood with water, barely puncturing the hull.
Also, if the transverse bulkheads of the watertight compartments were raised, the spilling of water over the tops of the bulkheads into adjacent, undamaged compartments could have been avoided, as the ship pitched forward under the weight of the water in the bow compartments. Although it is important to understand the errors of the past, it is crucial to make sure they are not repeated in the future. A proper design process can prevent such catastrophes. Just create a free Community account here and then copy and use the projects for your own ship design analysis.
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Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. Harrison May Jun 24, Soleil Oct 25, I also cant wait till Titanic 11 lets hope that they will be way safer. Sep 30, Thanks for sharing your thought process! Sep 18, Jul 3, We heard about that! How exciting! Harrison May Jun 20, I know its sad but I still love the Titanic, Olympic and Britannic.
There's a lot of history with those three ships, that's for sure! Anderson Jun 4, Jun 4, Oliver Jun 4, That is unbelievable that 1, people died on the Titanic. Cindy Jun 4, Oh my gosh! This sounds soooooo scary. I can't believe Titanic 2 is coming. Hopefully no icebergs this time. I am sooooooooooooooooo excited that Titanic 2 is coming out in I think wonderopolis should have WW1 and WW2 as wonders.
I am interested in them. You know lots about the Titanic. I'm surprised. Random knowledge is our 'thing'. Apr 25, Apr 15, Meredith Mar 12, Person Apr 4, Mar 13, That's a great question for a Wonder Journey! Matthew Feb 22, Feb 24, Thanks for asking, Matthew. Vanessa L Jan 24, Well a fire started and it stooped for 3 weeks when it hit the iceberg it hurt the titanic.
LeBron Jan 9, Jan 11, That's pretty awesome, LeBron! What topics do you like? Is this discussion only about the Titanic? Aleanna Nov 6, Nicholas Nov 5, You should try the "Titanic sinks real time" video. It is long, but it is great and it tells you a lot of information while it sinks. It also has good graphics too. There is also a documentary video about "Britannic sinks real time" video too.
I found this out a while ago few years ago. Robby Sep 10, Titanic Sinking Events The Titanic started sinking the night of April 14, and ended in the early morning of April 15, Titanic makes its final plunge and sinks. Sep 17, Robby Oct 5, More info page 3. I believe there were crew members plus captain and around died I believe.
The captain had to go down with the ship, it was and still is a law. More info page 2 1, people died. There was 2, people on board. It took minuted or 2 hours and 40 minutes to sink. The water was 28 degrees fahrenheit. More info here! The Titanic was the sister ship of the H. Britannic that sunk from a mine and the R. Olympic that never sunk but crashed and was scrapped.
The Titanic was in service for 5 days. Britannic was in service for 11 months. Olympic was in service for 24 years. The White Star Line owned the sisters. White Star Line started in and ended in due to bankruptcy. The reason why Titanic sank was due to collision with an iceberg that struck the starboard right side. Thats not all why it sank. The crew didn't have binoculars either as they were trapped in a room without a key.
Cameron Roberts Mar 19, Mar 19, Great info, Cameron! Thanks for sharing your knowledge! Apr 19, Alyssa Mar 28, Apr 6, Bella Mar 7, Mar 8, Tomas Apr 13, From Tomas. Apr 17, Mar 9, Has anyone found the iceburg that hit the Titanic. Mar 1, Hi, tomas! We encourage you do do some research and see what you can find!! Let us know! Because of the weight of the stern. The water made the weight unbalanced. Feb 15, We hope this Wonder helps you learn more about why the Titanic sank!
Why did the Californian not come to save the passengers. Feb 22, The sinking of the Titanic was very tragic. Thanks for Wondering with us, tomas!
Jeff Feb 8, We're glad you like learning about this topic, Jeff! Joseph Feb 6, Wonderopolis do you have anything about the lost island of Atlantis? Feb 11, Atzhiri Jan 26, Joseph Jan 31, Jan 31, It is very interesting!
Are you currently reading a book about the Titanic? Thanks for sharing with us! Atzhiri Jan 31, Feb 5, James Dec 21, Thanks wonder!!! I love the topic of the Titanic and thanks for the help on my titanic paper. Jan 2, Let us know how the paper goes!! Dec 22, Very interesting thought, ethan!! How accurate is the film of the RMS Titanic to the real sinking? That's awesome, connor! We'd love to hear more about what you discover! I don't think there will be a Titanic 2 because it's been years since it sank.
Dec 19, We'll be sure to take that advice, ethan!! That's interesting! Thanks for sharing!! Ethan Dec 11, I watched a documentary about a conspiracy theory that the titanic was actually its sister ship the Olympic. Dec 14, That's interesting, Ethan! Which documentary did you watch?
Chloe Dec 8, I love the Titanic, But I'm sad it sank. I want to go on it. But I cant. It was definitely a tragic event. Thanks for sharing, Chloe! Ethan Dec 5, Dec 7, Thanks for sharing this connection, Ethan!!
Dec 4, Jordan Nov 13, Nov 15, Nov 2, True, genny!! Jorge Oct 24, I am going to start using this website for my projects. In fact, I'm using it to research of the titanic. Oct 26, We're happy to help. Let us know how your project goes!! Austin Aug 30, You know wonderopolis im going to start readeng from your sight every day. Sep 3, Jay Apr 26, I was actually born on April 15th!
Sometimes i think im cursed because of it but eh. Also Abe Lincoln was shot on April 14th and died on the 15h! Apr 26, Diana Apr 13, This was such a scary moment! It was even scarier when I watched the Titanic sink in the video. But it's still a good thing to learn, even if it was very cold and dangerous. Apr 14, Good thoughts, Diana. Diana Apr 14, Gavin Apr 11, Don't call it unsinkable anymore, dude!
Apr 11, Air quotes. Hello wonderoilis When i was little all i could ever think about was the tragedy on the atlantic in Did you know that the titanic i think was about maybe 10 miles from getting out of the deep part of the atlantic. Pretty tragic, huh? Thanks for learning more about the Titanic with us!
Austin Apr 6, Hey do a story about how you became a reading site wonderopolis it sounds like an intesting topic. Apr 7, Janelle Apr 15, Austin Apr 4, Its me again i have a topic for you how about the mith of fnaf or more spcefic five nights at freddys. Or do a topic of who was the creator of pokemon and how he came up with the idea of pokemon.
Darksteel Apr 10, Good idea me yeah that's right i'm Austin but i'm using my nickname. Less than an hour before the Titanic hit the iceberg, another nearby ship, the Californian, radioed to say it had been stopped by dense field ice. It may have taken a fatal wrong turn.
Because ships at the time operated on two different steering order systems, he became confused and turned the wrong way—directly toward the ice. Mirages and hazy horizons were created by weather conditions. The first argued that the Earth came unusually close to both the moon and the sun that year, increasing their gravitational pull on the ocean and producing record tides, which caused increased amounts of floating ice in the North Atlantic around the time of the sinking.
The second study, by British historian Tim Maltin, claimed that atmospheric conditions on the night of the disaster might have caused a phenomenon called super refraction.
It also would have made the Titanic appear closer, and smaller, to the nearby ship the Californian, causing its crew to assume it was a different ship without a radio, preventing them from attempting to communicate.
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